Degree Of Comparison
The Degrees of Comparison in English grammar are made with the Adjective and Adverb words to show how big or small, high or low, more or less, many or few, etc., of the qualities, numbers and positions of the nouns (persons, things and places) in comparison to the others mentioned in the other part of a sentence or expression.An Adjective is a word which qualifies (shows how big, small, great, many, few, etc.) a noun or a pronoun is in a sentence.An adjective can be attributive (comes before a noun) or predicative (comes in the predicate part):e.g.
He is a tall man. (‘tall’ — adjective – attributive)
This man is tall. (‘tall’ — adjective – predicative)
An Adverb is a word which adds to the meaning of the main verb (how it is done, when it is done, etc.) of a sentence or expression.
It normally ends with ‘ly’, but there are some adverbs that are without ‘ly’:
e.g.
She ate her lunch quickly.
He speaks clearly.
They type fast.
Kinds of comparison:
1. POSITIVE DEGREE:Tom is tall a boy.
In this sentence the word ‘tall’ is an adjective telling us how Tom is. There is no other person or thing in this sentence used to compare Tom with, but it is the general way of saying about persons, animals and things that they have some quality (here ‘tallness’) above average in general sense. The adjective word ‘tall’ is said to be in the “positive form”.
This comparison is called “positive degree” comparison.
There are two more comparisons with the ‘positive form’ of the adjective words.
They are:
(i) Degree of Equality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are equal – having the same quality.
There are two cats with the same height and weight, and look the same except for the colour.
Therefore we say:
The brown cat is as beautiful as the grey cat. (= Both the cats are the same.)
The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction as…as it expresses the ‘degree of equality’.
(ii) Degree of Inequality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are not equal – not having the same quality.
The brown cat is not so beautiful as the black & white cat. (= They are not the same.)
The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction so…as (and the negative ‘not’) it expresses the ‘degree of inequality’
2. COMPARATIVE DEGREE:
Tom is a tall boy.
Tom is taller than his sister.
In the second sentence the word ‘taller’ is an adjective used to compare the ‘tallness’ of these two persons – Tom and his sister – and to tell us that Tom has more of the quality of ‘tallness’.
Therefore, an adjective word which shows the difference of quality between twotwo groupsof persons, animals or things is said to be in the ‘comparative form’. persons, animals or things, or
This comparison is called “Comparative Degree”.
There are two more degrees of comparison with the ‘comparative form’ of an adjective. They are:
(i) Parallel Degree: This comparison is used to show that the qualities of two items (adjectives or adverbs) talked about in the given sentence go parallel, i.e. if one quality (adjective or adverb) increases, the other quality (adjective or adverb) increases, and if one quality decreases, the other quality also decreases.
The bigger the box, the heavier it is.
(ii) Progressive Degree: This comparison is used to show that the quality of a thing (adjective or adverb) talked about in the given sentence increases as the time passes, for example:
MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN
25° → 27° → 30° → 33°→ 35° → 38° → 40°
It’s getting hotter and hotter day by day. [as the time passes the temperature increases] OR The days are getting hotter and hotter.
3. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE:
A musk ox is a large animal.
An elephant is larger than a musk ox.
The blue whale is the largest of all animals.
The blue whale is the largest of all animals in the world.
In this sentence the word (the) ‘largest’ is an adjective used to compare the “largeness” of the blue whale and to tell us that the blue whale has the most quality of ‘largeness’.
This comparison is used to compare one person, animal or thing with more than twopersons, animals or things (the rest of the group of more than two), and to say that the particular one has the highest degree of that particular quality (here the comparison is between the blue whale and the rest of the animals, more than two). The adjective ‘large’ is said to be in the ‘superlative form’.
This comparison is called “Superlative Degree”.
Question words
WHO
WHO is only used when referring to people. (= I want to know the person)
- Who is the best football player in the world?
- Who are your best friends?
- Who is that strange guy over there?
WHERE
WHERE is used when referring to a place or location. (= I want to know the place)
- Where is the library?
- Where do you live?
- Where are my shoes?
WHEN
WHEN is used to refer to a time or an occasion. (= I want to know the time)
- When do the shops open?
- When is his birthday?
- When are we going to finish?
WHY
WHY is used to obtain an explanation or a reason. (= I want to know the reason)
- Why do we need a nanny?
- Why are they always late?
- Why does he complain all the time?
Normally the response begins with "Because..."
WHAT
WHAT is used to refer to specific information. (= I want to know the thing)
- What is your name?
- What is her favourite colour?
- What is the time?
WHICH
WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing between alternatives)
- Which drink did you order – the rum or the beer?
- Which day do you prefer for a meeting – today or tomorrow?
- Which is better - this one or that one?
HOW
HOW is used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to know the way)
- How do you cook paella?
- How does he know the answer?
- How can I learn English quickly?
With HOW there are a number of other expressions that are used in questions:
How much – refers to a quantity or a price (uncountable nouns)
- How much time do you have to finish the test?
- How much is the jacket on display in the window?
- How much money will I need?
How many – refers to a quantity (countable nouns)
- How many days are there in April?
- How many people live in this city?
- How many brothers and sister do you have?
How often – refers to frequency
- How often do you visit your grandmother?
- How often does she study?
- How often are you sick?
How far – refers to distance
- How far is the university from your house?
- How far is the bus stop from here?
5 W + 1 H in English Newspaper
David Suzuki
David Suzuki is a well-known biologist and outspoken environmentalist. He was born on March 24, 1936, the eldest son of the Suzuki family. His interest in public speaking developed when he was in Junior High School. He went on to win many public speaking contests, often speaking about conserving nature. After working in several universities, Suzuki moved to the University of British Columbia where he continued with his research in biology. Today, Suzuki shares his environmental concerns with the world through his TV program, The Nature of Things.
Template: 5 W’s
- Who is involved
David Suzuki
- What is it about?
well known biologist and outspoken environmentalist
- When did it take place?
… born on March 24, 1936 (until the present time)
- Where did it take place?
After working in several universities, Suzuki moved to the University of British Columbia
- Why is it important or interesting?
Today, Suzuki shares his environmental concerns with the world through his TV program, The Nature of Things.
- The dominant W – underline it – who, what, where, when, why
David Suzuki is a well known biologist and outspoken environmentalist.
- The Minor W’s – underline them- Who, What, Where, When, Why
- The main idea is stated in the introduction
David Suzuki is a well known biologist and outspoken environmentalist.
- The paragraph closes with a conclusion
Today, Suzuki shares his environmental concerns with the world through his TV program, The Nature of Things.
Active / Passive Verb Forms
Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:
| Tense | Active | Passive |
| Simple Present |
Once a week, Tom cleans the house.
|
Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
|
| Present Continuous |
Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.
|
Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
|
| Simple Past |
Sam repaired the car.
|
The car was repaired by Sam.
|
| Past Continuous |
The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.
|
The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
|
| Present Perfect |
Many tourists have visited that castle.
|
That castle has been visited by many tourists.
|
| Present Perfect Continuous |
Recently, John has been doing the work.
|
Recently, the work has been being done by John.
|
| Past Perfect |
George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.
|
Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
|
| Past Perfect Continuous |
Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.
|
The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being preparedby Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
|
| Simple Future will |
Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.
|
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
|
| Simple Future be going to |
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
|
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
|
| Future Continuous will |
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.
|
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
|
| Future Continuous be going to |
At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.
|
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washedby John.
|
| Future Perfect will |
They will have completed the project before the deadline.
|
The project will have been completed before the deadline.
|
| Future Perfect be going to |
They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.
|
The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
|
| Future Perfect Continuous will |
The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.
|
The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
|
| Future Perfect Continuous be going to |
The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.
|
The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
|
| Used to |
Jerry used to pay the bills.
|
The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
|
| Would Always |
My mother would always make the pies.
|
The pies would always be made by my mother.
|
| Future in the Past Would |
I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.
|
I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
|
| Future in the Past Was Going to |
I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
|
I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.
|
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