BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

Simple Present tense

In English grammar, the simple present tense is a form of the verb that refers to an action or event that is ongoing or that regularly takes place in present time (for example, "He crieseasily"). Except in the case of be, the simple present is represented in English by either the base form of the verb (e.g., "I/You/We/They sing") or the base form plus the third-person singular -s inflection ("She sings").

Example For Simple Present tense

Repeating actions or habits:

Bill jogs every day.

Bill never jogs.

Does Bill jog on Sundays?

Jane works hard.

Jane doesn't work hard at all!

Jim builds houses for a living.

What does Jim do for a living?

They play basketball every Sunday.

At what time do you usually eat dinner?

Facts or things which are true at all times:

London is in England.

London is not in France.

You can't live without water.

Can you live without water?

Sarah is a good girl.

When does it start snowing?

I speak French.

I don't speak Japanese.

Conditions (not actions) taking place at this moment:

I agree.

Tom thinks it's a good idea.

They have a lot of money.

They don't have any money.

Do they have some money?

I feel so tired.

You are brilliant!

They don't need his help.

Present Continuous tense

The Present Continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the moment of speaking. The Present Continuous also describes activities generally in progress (not at the moment). Another use of the tense is to talk about temporary actions or future plans.  

Positive Sentences
           I am listening to the news
           You are washing your clothes
           She is riding on horse
           They are playing football.
           It is raining

Negative Sentence
          I am not listening to the news.
          You are not washing your clothes.
          She is not riding on a horse.
          They are not playing football.
          It is not raining.

Interrogative Sentences
         Am I listening to the news?
         Are you washing your clothes?
         Is she riding on a horse?
         Are they playing football?
         Is it raining?

 Simple Past tense

In English grammar, the simple past is a verb tense (the second principal part of a verb) indicating action that occurred in the past and which does not extend into the present.
The simple past tense (also known as the past simple or preterite) of regular verbs is marked by the ending -d, -ed, or -t. Irregular verbs have a variety of endings. The simple past is not accompanied by helping verbs.

Example For Simple Past tense

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

• I saw a movie yesterday.
• I didn't see a play yesterday.
• Last year, I traveled to Japan.
• Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
• Did you have dinner last night?
• She washed her car.
• He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
• 
  

USE 3 Duration in Past

• I lived in Brazil for two years.
• Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
• They sat at the beach all day.
• They did not stay at the party the entire time.
• We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
• A: How long did you wait for them?
  B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

• I studied French when I was a child.
• He played the violin.
• He didn't play the piano.
• Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
• She worked at the movie theater after school.
• They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

• She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
• He didn't like tomatoes before.
• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
• People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

 Past Continuous tense

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

Example For Past Continuous tense

• They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
• Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
• When we arrived he was having a bath.
• When the fire started I was watching television.

What is subject verb agreement?

Subject verb agreement refers to the fact that the subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. In other words, they both must be singular or they both must be plural. You can’t have a singular subject with a plural verb or vice versa. The tricky part is in knowing the singular and plural forms of subjects and verbs.
Singular and plural subjects, or nouns, are usually pretty easy. In most cases the plural form of a noun has an “s” at the end.
Like this:
Car – singular
Cars – plural

Verbs don’t follow this pattern, though. Adding an “s” to a verb doesn’t make a plural. Here’s what I mean:

Walk
Walks

Which one is the singular form and which is the plural form? Here’s a tip for you. Ask yourself which would you use with the word they and which would you use with he or she.

He walks.
She walks.
They walk.

Since he and she are singular pronouns walks is a singular verb. The word they is plural sowalk is the plural form.

Examples of Subject-Verb Agreement:

If a compound subject is joined by "or" or "nor," look at the subject closest to the verb and make the verb agree with that part of the subject.

Special Cases:

1) These indefinite pronouns are always singular and should be paired with a singular verb: any, anything, each, either, neither, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, nothing, one.

2) These indefinite pronouns are always plural and should be paired with a plural verb: few, many

3) For some indefinite pronouns (some, all, none) it depends on the item that the pronoun refers to.

4) Notice that some subjects may appear to be plural but are singular because they refer to one thing or a single amount of something (examples: mathematics, mumps, news)

5) Some subjects refer to one thing, but take a plural verbs (examples: scissors, pants)

Examples of correct subject-verb agreement:

1) He runs four miles every day. (singular subject; singular verb)

2) They ride the school bus in the afternoon. (plural subject; plural verb)

3) Few of the children are here today. (plural)

4) Some of the money is missing. (singular-money is singular)

5) None of the marbles have rolled out of the circle. (plural-marbles is plural)

6) One of the nails is sticking out. (one is singular)

7) The scissors are on the table. (plural)

8) Katie or three girls walk to the office. (girls is closer, so verb is plural)

9) Is mumps caused by a virus? (singular)

10) Neither the tray nor the cups were put away. (cups is closer, so verb is plural)

Kind Of Pronoun

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used so that our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and over in a paragraph. Some examples of pronouns include I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself,we, us, ours and ourselves. You may have noticed that they tend to come in sets of four, all referring to the same person, group or thing.

• He, him, his and himself, for example, all refer to a male person or something belonging to him
• They, them, theirs and themselves all refer to a group or something belonging to a group, and so on.

The truth is that there are many different types of pronouns, each serving a different purpose in a sentence.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns can be the subject of a clause or sentence. They are: I, he, she, it, they, we, and you. Example: “They went to the store.”
Personal pronouns can also be objective, where they are the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. They are: me, her, him, it, you, them, and us. Example: “David gave the gift to her.”
Possession can be shown by personal pronouns, like: mine, his, hers, ours, yours, its, andtheirs. Example: “Is this mine or yours?”

Subject Pronouns

Subject pronouns are often (but not always) found at the beginning of a sentence. More precisely, the subject of a sentence is the person or thing that lives out the verb.

• I owe that person $3,000. – I am living out that debt. I is the subject pronoun.
• He and I had a fight. – This sentence has two subjects because he and I were both involved in the fight.
• He broke my kneecaps. – You get the idea.
• To him, I must now pay my children's college funds. – If you'll notice, the verb in this sentence – the action – is "pay." Although I is not at the beginning of the sentence, it is the person living out the action and is, therefore, the subject.

Object Pronouns

By contrast, objects and object pronouns indicate the recipient of an action or motion. They come after verbs and prepositions (to, with, for, at, on, beside, under, around, etc.).

• The guy I borrowed money from showed me a crowbar and told me to pay himimmediately.
• I begged him for more time.
• He said he'd given me enough time already.
• I tried to dodge the crowbar, but he hit me with it anyway.
• Just then, the police arrived and arrested us.

Subject vs. Object Pronouns

There is often confusion over which pronouns you should use when you are one half of a dual subject or object. For example, should you say:

• "Me and him had a fight." or "He and I had a fight?"
• "The police arrested me and him." or "The police arrested he and I?"

Some people will tell you that you should always put the other person first and refer to yourself as "I" because it's more proper, but those people are wrong. You can put the other person first out of politeness, but you should always use the correct pronouns (subject or object) for the sentence.
A good test to decide which one you need is to try the sentence with one pronoun at a time. Would you say, "Me had a fight?" Of course not. You'd say, "I had a fight." What about, "Him had a fight?" No, you'd say, "He had a fight." So when you put the two subjects together, you get, "He and I had a fight." The same rule applies to the other example.

• You wouldn't say, "The police arrested he," or, "The police arrested I."
• You would use "him" and "me."

So the correct sentence is, "The police arrested him and me."

Possessive Adjectives vs. Possessive Pronouns

Pronominal possessive adjectives include the following: my, your, our, their, his, her and its. They are sort of pronouns in that they refer to an understood noun, showing possession by that noun of something. They are technically adjectives, though, because they modify a noun that follows them.

• My money is all gone.
• I gambled it all away on your race horse.
• His jockey was too fat.

In all of these examples, there is a noun (money, race horse, jockey) that has not been replaced with a pronoun. Instead, an adjective is there to show whose money, horse and jockey we’re talking about.
Possessive pronouns, on the other hand – mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its – are truly pronouns because they refer to a previously named or understood noun. They stand alone, not followed by any other noun. For comparison's sake, look at this sentence:

• You have your vices, and I have mine.

There are two types of pronouns here: subject (you/I) and possessive (mine). There's also a possessive adjective (your). We'll deal with the subject pronouns momentarily, but for now, just look at the others.
Your is followed by the noun, vices, so although we know that your refers to you, it is not the noun or the noun substitute (pronoun). Vices is the noun. In the second half of the sentence, however, the noun and the possessive adjective have both been replaced with one word – the pronoun, mine. Because it stands in the place of the noun, mine is a true pronoun whereas your is an adjective that must be followed by a noun.

Indefinite Pronouns

These pronouns do not point to any particular nouns, but refer to things or people in general. Some of them are: few, everyone, all, some, anything, and nobody. Example: “Everyone is already here.”

Relative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. These are:who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that. Example: “The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.”

Intensive Pronouns

These pronouns are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun. These are: myself, himself, herself, themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, and ourselves. Example: “He himself is his worst critic.”  

Demonstrative Pronouns

There are five demonstrative pronouns: these, those, this, that, and such. They focus attention on the nouns that are replacing. Examples: “Such was his understanding.” “Those are totally awesome.”

Interrogative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to begin a question: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever. Example: “Who will you bring to the party?”

Reflexive Pronouns

There is one more type of pronoun, and that is the reflexive pronoun. These are the ones that end in “self” or "selves." They are object pronouns that we use when the subject and the object are the same noun.

• I told myself not to bet all my money on one horse.
• The robber hurt himself chasing me through the alley.

We also use them to emphasize the subject.

• Usually, the guy I borrowed the money from will send an employee to collect the money, but since I owed so much, he himself came to my house.

Sumber :

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/pastcont.htm
http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/types-of-pronouns.html
http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/subjectVerbAgree.asp

http://www.englishtenses.com/tenses/

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.html

http://grammar.about.com/od/grammarfaq/a/Does-The-English-Language-Have-A-FutureTense.html

http://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/subjectverb_agreement_examples/70/